Monin-Obukhov similarity

Monin-Obukhov similarity theory provides a framework for estimating turbulent flux profiles in the atmospheric surface layer under varying stability conditions.

It relates wind, temperature, and scalar gradients to surface fluxes by using nondimensional profile functions and the Monin-Obukhov length as a stability scale.

The framework is widely used in boundary-layer parameterization, flux-profile interpretation, and surface-layer diagnostics.