Upwelling

Upwelling is the movement of deeper water toward the ocean surface. Because subsurface water is often colder and richer in nutrients than surface water, upwelling strongly affects Sea surface temperature, marine productivity, and atmosphere-ocean exchange.

In the Galapagos

Around the Galapagos Islands, upwelling is closely tied to the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent, island topography, and the broader eastern Pacific background state shaped partly by the Humboldt Current.

This upwelling helps maintain the Galapagos Cold Pool, strengthens lower-atmospheric stability, and supports the low-cloud regime associated with Garua.

See also: Thermocline, Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent, Galapagos Cold Pool, Oceanography